I-oda elikhulu seliphuzile. Umhleli wezinhlelo oyinhloko uthatha ikhefu lokugula. Ikhasimende lakho elingcono kakhulu lisanda kuthumela umlayezo wombhalo licela isiphakamiso esasifanele ngoLwesibili olwedlule. Ngubani onesikhathi sokukhathazeka ngowoyela wokugcoba oconsa kancane kancane ngemuva kwe-I-CNC lathe, noma uzibuza ukuthi umsindo omncane ozwakalayo ovela esikhungweni somshini ovundlile usho inkinga ye-spindle?
Lokhu kuyaqondakala. Wonke umuntu umatasa, kodwa ukunganaki ukulungiswa komshini akufani nokushayela uye emsebenzini lapho ingcindezi yesondo langemuva kwesobunxele iphansi kancane. Izindleko zokuhluleka ukunakekela imishini ye-CNC njalo futhi ngokwanele ziphakeme kakhulu kunezindleko zokulungisa ezingenakugwenywa kodwa ezingalindelekile. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi uzolahlekelwa ukunemba kwengxenye, unciphise isikhathi sokuphila kwamathuluzi, futhi mhlawumbe amasonto okungasebenzi kahle okungahleliwe ngenkathi ulinde izingxenye ezivela phesheya kwezilwandle.
Ukugwema konke kuqala ngomunye wemisebenzi elula kakhulu ongayicabanga: ukusula imishini ekupheleni kweshifti ngayinye. Yilokhu uKanon Shiu, unjiniyela wemikhiqizo nezinsizakalo eChevalier Machinery Inc. eSanta Fe Springs, eCalifornia, akushilo, wakhala ngokuthi abanikazi bamathuluzi omshini abaningi kakhulu bangenza kangcono kulo msebenzi wokuhlanza indlu oyisisekelo. “Uma ungawugcini umshini uhlanzekile, cishe uzodala izinkinga,” esho.
Njengabakhi abaningi, iChevalier ifaka amapayipi okuhlanza emanzini ayo.ama-lathefuthiizikhungo zomshiniLokhu kufanele kube kuhle ekufutheni umoya ocindezelwe ebusweni bomshini, ngoba lokhu kungaphehla udoti omncane kanye nezinhlawulo endaweni yesiteshi. Uma kufakwe imishini enjalo, i-chip conveyor kanye nebhande lokuhambisa kufanele kugcinwe kuvuliwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza komshini ukuze kugwenywe ukunqwabelana kwama-chip. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ama-chip aqoqiwe angabangela ukuthi injini ime futhi yonakale lapho iqala kabusha. Isihlungi kufanele sihlanzwe noma sishintshwe njalo, njengoba kufanele kube nepani likawoyela kanye noketshezi lokusika.
“Konke lokhu kunomthelela omkhulu ekutheni sisheshe kangakanani sivuselele umshini futhi uma ekugcineni udinga ukulungiswa,” kusho uShiu. “Lapho sifika endaweni futhi imishini ingcolile, kwathatha isikhathi eside ukuthi siyilungise. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ochwepheshe bangase bahlanze indawo ethintekile engxenyeni yokuqala yokuvakasha ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukuthola inkinga. Umphumela awukho isikhathi esidingekayo sokungasebenzi, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kubize izindleko ezinkulu zokulungisa.”
UShiu uncoma nokusebenzisa umshini wokucheba uwoyela ukususa uwoyela ohlukahlukene epanini likawoyela lomshini. Kunjalo nangoBrent Morgan. Njengonjiniyela wohlelo lokusebenza kwaCastrol Lubricants eWayne, eNew Jersey, uyavuma ukuthi ukucheba uwoyela, ukugcinwa njalo kwethangi likawoyela, kanye nokuqapha njalo amazinga e-pH kanye nokuhlushwa koketshezi lokusika kuzosiza ekwandiseni impilo ye-coolant, kanye nokuphila kwamathuluzi okusika ngisho nemishini.
Kodwa-ke, uMorgan uphinde anikeze indlela yokulungisa uketshezi olusika ngokuzenzakalelayo ebizwa ngokuthi iCastrol SmartControl, engathinta ubukhulu banoma iyiphi indawo yokusebenzela ehlose ukutshala imali ohlelweni lokupholisa oluphakathi.
Wachaza ukuthi i-SmartControl yethulwe “cishe unyaka.” Yakhiwe ngokubambisana nomkhiqizi wokulawula wezimboni i-Tiefenbach, futhi yenzelwe ikakhulukazi izitolo ezinesistimu ephakathi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili. Zombili ziqapha njalo uketshezi lokusika, zihlole ukuhlushwa, i-pH, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesivinini sokugeleza, njll., futhi zazise umsebenzisi uma enye yazo idinga ukunakwa. Izinguqulo ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu zingalungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ezinye zalezi zindinganiso - uma ifunda ukuhlushwa okuphansi, i-SmartControl izongeza ukuhlushwa, njengoba nje izolungisa i-pH ngokungeza ama-buffer njengoba kudingeka.
“Amakhasimende ayazithanda lezi zinhlelo ngoba azikho izinkinga ezihlobene nokunciphisa ukulungiswa koketshezi,” kusho uMorgan. “Udinga nje ukuhlola isibani senkomba futhi uma kukhona okungajwayelekile, sicela uthathe izinyathelo ezifanele. Uma kukhona uxhumano lwe-inthanethi, umsebenzisi angayiqapha kude. Kukhona ne-hard drive esebhodini engasindisa izinsuku ezingu-30 zokunciphisa umlando wokugcinwa koketshezi.”
Njengoba kuthambekele ubuchwepheshe be-Industry 4.0 kanye ne-Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), izinhlelo ezinjalo zokuqapha ezikude ziya ngokuya zivamile. Isibonelo, uKanon Shiu waseChevalier ukhulume nge-iMCS (Intelligent Machine Communication System) yenkampani. Njengazo zonke izinhlelo ezinjalo, iqoqa ulwazi mayelana nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene ehlobene nokukhiqiza. Kodwa okubaluleke ngokulinganayo ikhono layo lokubona izinga lokushisa, ukudlidliza ngisho nokushayisana, ihlinzeka ngolwazi olubalulekile kulabo abanomthwalo wokunakekelwa komshini.
UGuy Parenteau naye unekhono elihle kakhulu ekuqapheni okude. Umphathi wobunjiniyela we-Methods Machine Tools Inc., eSudbury, eMassachusetts, ukhombe ukuthi ukuqapha komshini okude kuvumela abakhiqizi namakhasimende ngokufanayo ukusungula izisekelo zokusebenza, ezingasetshenziswa yi-algorithms esekelwe kubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze kutholakale izitayela ze-electromechanical. Faka ukulungiswa kokubikezela, okuwubuchwepheshe obungathuthukisa i-OEE (ukusebenza kahle kwemishini iyonke).
“Ama-workshop amaningi asebenzisa isofthiwe yokuqapha umkhiqizo ukuqonda nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula,” kusho uParenteau. “Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuhlaziya amaphethini okuguguleka kwezingxenye, izinguquko zomthwalo we-servo, ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa, njll. kudatha yomshini. Uma uqhathanisa la manani namanani lapho umshini umusha, ungabikezela ukwehluleka kwenjini noma wazise othile ukuthi i-spindle bearing isizowa.”
Uveze ukuthi lokhu kuhlaziywa kubheka izindlela ezimbili. Ngamalungelo okufinyelela kunethiwekhi, abasabalalisi noma abakhiqizi bangaqapha amakhasimendeI-CNC, njengoba nje i-FANUC isebenzisa uhlelo lwayo lwe-ZDT (zero downtime) ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwezempilo okude kumarobhothi. Lesi sici singaxwayisa abakhiqizi ngezinkinga ezingaba khona futhi sibasize ukuthi babone futhi basuse amaphutha omkhiqizo.
Amakhasimende angathandi ukuvula amachweba ku-firewall (noma ukukhokha imali yesevisi) angakhetha ukuqapha idatha ngokwawo. UParenteau uthe akukho nkinga ngalokhu, kodwa wanezela ngokuthi abakhi bavame ukukwazi kangcono ukubona izinkinga zokulungisa nokusebenza kusenesikhathi. “Bayazi amakhono omshini noma irobhothi. Uma kukhona okungaphezu kwenani elinqunyiwe, bangakwazi ukuqalisa i-alamu kalula ukuze babonise ukuthi inkinga iseduze, noma ukuthi ikhasimende lingawucindezela kakhulu umshini.”
Ngisho nangaphandle kokufinyelela kude, ukulungiswa komshini sekulula futhi kwaba nobuchwepheshe kakhulu kunangaphambili. U-Ira Busman, iphini likamongameli wenkonzo yamakhasimende e-Okuma America Corp. eCharlotte, eNorth Carolina, ucaphuna izimoto ezintsha namaloli njengezibonelo. “Ikhompyutha yemoto izokutshela konke, futhi kwamanye amamodeli, izokuhlela ngisho nokubonana nomthengisi,” esho. “Imboni yamathuluzi omshini isalele emuva kulokhu, kodwa qiniseka ukuthi iya ohlangothini olufanayo.”
Lezi yizindaba ezinhle, ngoba abantu abaningi okuxoxwe nabo kulesi sihloko bavumelana ngento eyodwa: umsebenzi wesitolo wokunakekela imishini ngokuvamile awugculisi. Kubanikazi bamathuluzi omshini we-Okuma abafuna usizo oluncane kulo msebenzi ocasulayo, uBusman wakhomba i-App Store yenkampani. Ihlinzeka ngamawijethi ezikhumbuzo zokulungisa ezihleliwe, imisebenzi yokuqapha nokulawula, izaziso ze-alamu, njll. Uthe njengabaningi abakhiqizi nabasabalalisi bamathuluzi omshini, i-Okuma izama ukwenza impilo esitolo ibe lula ngangokunokwenzeka. Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-Okuma ifuna ukuyenza “ihlakaniphe ngangokunokwenzeka.” Njengoba izinzwa ezisekelwe ku-IIoT ziqoqa ulwazi mayelana nama-bearings, ama-motor, nezinye izingxenye ze-electromechanical, imisebenzi yezimoto echazwe ngaphambilini isondela eqinisweni emkhakheni wokukhiqiza. Ikhompyutha yomshini ihlola njalo le datha, isebenzisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze inqume ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle nini.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba abanye besho, ukuba nesisekelo sokuqhathanisa kubalulekile. UBusman uthe: “Lapho i-Okuma ikhiqiza i-spindle yesinye sezikhungo zayo zokugaya noma zomshini, siqoqa izici zokudlidliza, izinga lokushisa, kanye nokugijima kusuka ku-spindle. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-algorithm kusilawuli ingaqapha la manani futhi uma ifika eqophelweni elinqunyiwe Uma isikhathi sifika, isilawuli sizokwazisa umqhubi womshini noma sithumele i-alamu ohlelweni lwangaphandle, sibatshele ukuthi uchwepheshe angadinga ukulethwa.”
UMike Hampton, uchwepheshe wokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi lezingxenye ngemuva kokuthengisa kuka-Okuma, uthe ithuba lokugcina—isaziso ngohlelo lwangaphandle—liseyinkinga. “Ngilinganisela ukuthi iphesenti elincane kuphelaImishini ye-CNCzixhunywe kwi-inthanethi,” kusho yena. “Njengoba imboni ithembela kakhulu kudatha, lokhu kuzoba yinselele enkulu.
“Ukwethulwa kwe-5G kanye nezinye ubuchwepheshe beselula kungathuthukisa isimo, kodwa kusanqikaza kakhulu—ikakhulukazi abasebenzi be-IT bamakhasimende ethu—ukuvumela ukufinyelela okukude emishinini yabo,” kuqhubeka uHampton. “Ngakho-ke yize u-Okuma nezinye izinkampani befuna ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokulungisa imishini ezisebenzayo nokwandisa ukuxhumana namakhasimende, ukuxhumana kuseyisithiyo esikhulu.”
Ngaphambi kokuba kufike lolo suku, i-workshop ingandisa isikhathi sokusebenza kanye nekhwalithi yezingxenye ngokuhlela ukuhlolwa kwezempilo njalo kwemishini yayo ngokusebenzisa izinti zokusika noma izinhlelo zokulinganisa nge-laser. Yilokhu uDan Skulan, umphathi jikelele we-industrial metrology eWest Dundee Renishaw, e-Illinois, akushoyo. Uyavumelana nabanye abaxoxiswane nabo kulesi sihloko ukuthi ukusungula isisekelo ekuqaleni komjikelezo wokuphila kwethuluzi lomshini kuyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma yiluphi uhlelo lokulungisa lokuvimbela. Noma yikuphi ukuphambuka kulesi sisekelo kungasetshenziswa ukuhlonza izingxenye ezigugile noma ezonakele kanye nezimo ezingaphandle kwezinga. “Isizathu sokuqala sokuthi amathuluzi omshini alahlekelwe ukunemba kokubeka ukuthi awafakwanga ngokuphephile, alinganiswe kahle, bese ehlolwa njalo,” kusho uSkulan. “Lokhu kuzokwenza imishini esezingeni eliphezulu isebenze kabi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kuzokwenza imishini ephakathi nendawo iziphathe njengemishini ebiza kakhulu. Akungabazeki ukuthi ukulingisa kuyindleko engabizi kakhulu futhi kulula kakhulu ukuyenza.”
Isibonelo esiphawulekayo sivela kumthengisi wamathuluzi omshini e-Indiana. Lapho ehlela isikhungo somshini esiqondile, unjiniyela wezinhlelo zokusebenza lapho waphawula ukuthi sasibekwe ngendlela engafanele. Washayela uSkulan, owaletha enye yezinhlelo ze-QC20-W zebhola le-ballbar zenkampani.
“I-X-axis kanye ne-Y-axis ziphambukile cishe ngamasentimitha angu-0.004 (0.102 mm). Ukuhlola okusheshayo nge-level gauge kuqinisekisile ukusola kwami ukuthi umshini awulingani,” kusho uSkulan. Ngemva kokubeka i-ballbar kwimodi yokuphindaphinda, abantu ababili baqinisa kancane kancane induku ngayinye ye-ejector ngokulandelana kuze kube yilapho umshini ulinganiswe ngokuphelele futhi ukunemba kokubeka kungaphakathi kwamasentimitha angu-0.0002 (0.005 mm).
Ama-ballbar afaneleka kakhulu ekutholeni ukuma okuqondile nezinkinga ezifanayo, kodwa ukuze kutholakale isinxephezelo samaphutha ahlobene nokunemba kwemishini ye-volumetric, indlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola i-laser interferometer noma i-multi-axis calibrator. I-Renishaw inikeza izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlelo ezinjalo, futhi i-Skulan itusa ukuthi zisetshenziswe ngokushesha ngemva kokufakwa komshini, bese zisetshenziswa njalo ngokohlobo lokucubungula okwenziwayo.
“Ake sithi wenza izingxenye ezijikwe ngedayimane ze-James Webb Space Telescope, futhi udinga ukugcina ukubekezelelana ngaphakathi kwama-nanometer ambalwa,” kusho yena. “Kulokhu, ungase wenze ukuhlolwa kokulinganisa ngaphambi kokusikwa ngakunye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isitolo esicubungula izingxenye ze-skateboard zibe yizicucu ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu singaphila ngemali encane kakhulu; ngombono wami, lokhu okungenani kanye ngonyaka, uma nje umshini usulungisiwe futhi unakekelwe ezingeni elithile.”
I-ballbar ilula ukuyisebenzisa, futhi ngemva kokuqeqeshwa okuthile, izitolo eziningi zingenza nokulinganisa nge-laser emishinini yazo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emishinini emisha, okuvame ukuba nesibopho sokusetha inani lokubuyisela langaphakathi le-CNC. Kuma-workshop anenani elikhulu lamathuluzi omshini kanye/noma izikhungo eziningi, isofthiwe ingalandelela ukulungiswa. Endabeni kaSkulan, lena yiRenishaw Central, eqoqa futhi ihlele idatha evela kusofthiwe yokulinganisa nge-laser ye-CARTO yenkampani.
Kuma-workshop antula isikhathi, izinsiza, noma angathandi ukunakekela imishini, uHayden Wellman, iphini likamongameli omkhulu we-Absolute Machine Tools Inc. eLorraine, e-Ohio, unethimba elingakwenza lokho. Njengabasabalalisi abaningi, i-Absolute inikeza izinhlelo eziningi zokulungisa, kusukela kuthusi kuya kwesiliva kuya kwegolide. I-Absolute iphinde inikeze izinsizakalo zephuzu elilodwa njengokunxephezela iphutha le-pitch, ukulungiswa kwe-servo, kanye nokulinganiswa nokulungiswa okusekelwe ku-laser.
“Ema-workshop angenalo uhlelo lokulungisa oluvimbelayo, sizokwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke njengokushintsha uwoyela we-hydraulic, ukuhlola ukuvuza komoya, ukulungisa izikhala, nokuqinisekisa izinga lomshini,” kusho uWellman. “Ezitolo ezisingatha lokhu zodwa, sinawo wonke ama-laser namanye amathuluzi adingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukutshalwa kwezimali kwazo kusebenza njengoba kuklanyelwe. Abanye abantu bakwenza kanye ngonyaka, abanye abantu bakwenza kaningi, kodwa into ebalulekile ukuthi bakwenza kaningi.”
UWellman wabelane ngezimo ezimbi kakhulu, njengomonakalo womgwaqo obangelwa yisithiyo sokugeleza kukawoyela esivinjiwe, kanye nokwehluleka kwe-spindle ngenxa yoketshezi olungcolile noma izivalo ezigugile. Akudingi ukucabanga okuningi ukubikezela umphumela wokugcina walokhu kwehluleka kokulungisa. Kodwa-ke, waveza isimo esivame ukumangaza abanikazi bezitolo: abaqhubi bemishini bangakhokhela imishini enganakekelwa kahle futhi bayihlelele ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuqondanisa nokunemba. “Ekugcineni, isimo siba sibi kangangokuthi umshini uyeka ukusebenza, noma okubi nakakhulu, umqhubi uyayeka, futhi akekho ongathola ukuthi angenza kanjani izingxenye ezinhle,” kusho uWilman. “Noma ngabe yikuphi, ekugcineni kuzoletha izindleko eziningi esitolo kunalokho abebelokhu benza uhlelo oluhle lokulungisa.”
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-22-2021